The Evolution of Courtship

CHAPTER 1I. IntroductionA. DefinitionCourtship is the process or period of courting. Through the years, it is evident that there has been a significant change in the way courtship is done. Especially in the Philippines, where culture is dynamic and ever-changing, it has to the researcher’s attention that there has been great changes in the way courtship is done between Filipino males and females. With this, the researcher would like to interpret the evolution of courtship. The landscape of male and female interaction has changed over the past 100 years, revealing a very sharp contrast in shape and form.One significant area where this is clearly seen is in the area of courtship and dating. In 1896, the word â€Å"dating† was known to be lower-class slang in reference to prostitution. Basically, going on a date was an understatement for paid sex. By the 1900s, the word â€Å"Calling† (or courtship) was introduced into households. Calling was the process of a man, t he suitor, coming into the home of a young woman to meet her and get to know her and get to know her better and eventually end up marrying her.This was highly preferred by parents since the meeting between the man and young woman was highly supervised – everything from the length of the meeting to what food they would eat (Discroll, 2009). Furthermore, it gave parents a sense of safety since it protected adolescents from any kind of danger like rape, and involved the maximum participation of family members. In this, however, the process of courtship was not always perfect. It was seen that it only placed itself in the households of the rich and not the lower-class (hence the lower class slang).It would seem that courtship was too expensive an activity for the lower-class. They simply could not affor the luxury of fine dining in a parlour and/or traveling to meet with their sweetheart (Discroll, 2009). In this, the progression and seeming perfect balance did not last long. As population, poverty, technology, economy, and innovation grew, change in the lower and higher classes rose. Because of this, they had to find more adaptive solutions as to how they would interact and meet with the opposite sex; a great change was seen throughout the years effectively changing the landscape of courtship.Today, technology has made easy interaction even more possible. With the dawn of the internet, men and women no longer need to be with each other physically or in the woman’s home to interact; it can all be done with a simple click of a few buttons. Now taken into the context of the Philippine setting, changing trends and patterns are not so much different from their western counterparts. Over the past decades, Filipinos have taken a more practical approach towards the relationships involved in their lives due to the increased use and innovation of technology and change in social landscape (Ogena, 1999).So like their western counterparts, no longer do men apply the idea of Chaperonage or Panliligaw (courtship) with the opposite sex. And as patterns have changed, the main influencers – parents – have found the style of dating more acceptable (Ogena, 1999). A study done by UPPL & DRPF called the YAFS (Young Adult Fertility and Sexual Study) for the Philippines showed that there was a significant number of adolescents going on dates.Another significant YAFS data shows that from 1982 to 1994, a majority of the youth (40.4%) group dated but later split to single dates (39. 7%) which enabled more intimate encounters with each other, with Filipino teens engaging in sexual activities (9. 7% for males and 2. 9% for females). As dating became a more regular activity among the youth, intimacies heightened. This resulted in an increase in the corresponding proportions of the youth engaging in petting and sexual intercourse, 16. 3% and 8. 1%, respectively (De Guzman,1997).B. Significance/ RelevanceIt is clear that Filipinos have changed the way they see courtship. Especially that technology has affected lives of teenagers today that it is now easy to communicate with anyone. It is then the researcher’s privilege to show the evolution of courtship. The study will also be beneficial to the general public to make them aware of how courtship worked then and now. The study will serve as a reference on the processes, style, and evolution of courtship.C. Research ObjectivesThis research paper aims to answer the question: 1. How has courtship evolved throughout the years? To answer the question/ problem, the researcher will investigate the following sub-questions: 1. What was the courtship process then? 2. What is the courtship process now? 3. How did courtship evolve throughout the years in terms of: a. Process of Courting b. Socialization c. CommunicationCHAPTER 2I. Review of Related LiteratureA. Local LiteratureCourtship is known in the local language as Panliligaw or Ligawan and is also synonymous to pandidiga o r digahan from some of the Tagalog-speaking regions in the Philippines. It has rooted from the Spanish word ‘diga’ which means to ‘to say, express. ’ The term manliligaw refers to a man who tries to court a woman and pursue her for marriage. On the other hand, the term nililigawan refers to the woman who is being pursued, hence, the one being courted.Courtship in the Philippines is known to be moderate and to ba taken under control unlike those of the western cultures. Traditionally, it has been done with the first step of the man visiting the woman’s house and presents himself to her parents in an official manner. It is generally unacceptable to most Filipino families to court the woman without knowledge of her family. The most usual trend to be acceptable to the woman’s family is from the saying â€Å"courting a Filipina means courting her family too† (Business World, 2002).Courtship in the Philippines involves the suitor working hard for his love even if he has to go through a long time of courtship. Traditional courtship would entail men serenading (harana) the â€Å"women at night and sing songs of love and affection† (Business World, 2002). Others would give love notes to express their feelings. It would also entail going to the woman’s house to bring her flowers and other sorts of gifts. And in some cases, men are shown to be courting the woman’s parents to get their acceptance before he could actually court the woman.Courtship allows women to enjoy the attention they get from men by being treated in a special way and receiving gifts from them. Because of this, some women even delay their marriage so that they have more time to experience what it’s like to be showered with attention and affection. (Molina, 1983 as cited in Courtship in the Philippines Today) Parents and family members are very much involved in courtship because of the Filipino viewpoint that marriage doesnâ€℠¢t just involve a man and woman, but their families as well.It became important for a person to choose well to enhance his or her family’s image. Dating as an activity in courtship, has become very popular, as it was an influence from the western culture. But even before people were influenced and dating became popular, the Philippines already had come up with its own courting practices. These practices were passes on by their families to use when entering into courtship. (Medina, 2005 as cited in Courtship in the Philippines Today)B. Local StudiesIn a 2012 study entitled â€Å"E-Courtship: A Descriptive Study† by Pamela Concepcion Panganiban, she explained that when two human beings start developing emotional attachments to one another, the relationship often tirns from simple friendship to a romantic kind (Tucker, 2008) and once feelings are established between the two parties, the individual then pursues the person his or her interest (Tucker, 2008). It is therefore appropriate to say that when an individual, much like a male, pursues a female, it signifies the act of courtship (Akiteng, N. D. ).Courtship often precedes itself as the stage where a male signifies his interest for an established romantic committed relationship with another person or before each can call themselves â€Å"official. † The study of Brinas, Ramirez, and Ty on â€Å"Ang Proseso ng Pagliligawan† (1996) mentioned that there are many reasons why men court women. Aside from the usual reason of preparing for marriage, a man courts a woman because first, he could be physically attracted to her. Men are visual creatures; that is why the physical appearance of a woman may be a big deal for them.Another reason is he wants to feel loved. A man courts a woman so that he could show love and at the same time, hopes that he receives that kind of love from the woman as well. The next reason is that a man wants to have someone to be with all the time because men treasur e companionship. He wants to have someone to be with because this makes him happy, especially during special moments in his life. A man courts a woman also for his own satisfaction. For a man, a woman seems to be like a reward or a challenge to him. So courting a woman – and eventually getting her makes him satisfied.These reasons vary, depending on the person. Looks and physical appearance may be a major factor for some men, but for others, this might just be a bonus. A common reason for a man to court a woman is because he is pressured by his friends and family to get a girlfriend. There are also some men who only want to court women who are attractive to show them off to the people around them. This is not an ideal reason to court a woman, but this happens especially when the man isn’t that mature yet as a person. The last reason is because a man simply has feelings for a woman.(Continuado, Marcos, and Renton, 2007) A 2009 study entitles â€Å"Courtship Among Emerg ing Adults in the Philippines: Definition, Activities, Influences and Motivations (Fabic, Feliciano, & Nery, 2009),† focused on the difference of understanding of the middle and lower class Filipinos about courtship. They conducted surveys from middle class groups and lower class groups living in the slum areas. But according to the results of the study for both male and female, the difference is not that big among the two different groups with their ideas of courtship.Most of them defined courtship as a process of knowing someone and â€Å"showing a girl how a guy feels towards her. † Proving Social Cognitive Theory’s assumption of having different factors (personal and environmental factor) affect that way people behave, act or think towards courtship, the said study found out that the topmost factors in their idea of courtship are â€Å"friends, media, family, and culture. † These factors are what motivates them and influences them if they will court so meone or if they want to be courted.There is no major difference with the activities done on courtship with those in the middle class and lower class group. Both classes agreed that â€Å"spending time with the other person, giving gifts, and basically just putting one’s best foot forward† are the most evident things to be done in the courtship stage. (pp. 78-78) The 2012 study entitled â€Å"Mix & Match: A Descriptive Study of Filipinos’ Ideals in Social Relationships (Olalia and Ylagan, 2012)† also proved how different factors influence a person’s behaviour or point of view towards courtship and marriage.Although the study focused on â€Å"ideals,† they concluded that â€Å"a number of informants shared that they patterned their ideal boyfriends or girlfriends and husband or wives from their parents. † One male respondent, 27, shared that because he grew up in an environment where his mother is more strong-willed than his father, he also wanted a girlfriend who is more strong-willed than him, which is true to his current girlfriend. Another informant (Ellaine, 22) shared that she wants someone who is like her brothers or her father.C. Foreign LiteratureIn the book â€Å"Boy Meets Girl,† Joshua Harris defines courtship as â€Å"dating with a purpose† and a â€Å"relationship between a man and a woman that has a purpose of being actively and intentionally together to consider marriage. † It is a process that has a direction and a purpose and involves knowing a person better to see if they are right for each other, and eventually, if they are, leads to marriage. A courtship can be considered successful when the man and woman find out if they are right for each other or not.They pursue marriage when they find out that they are for each other, and they end the courtship if they see that they are not right for each other. When a man and a woman understand the purpose of courtship, it is much eas ier for both of them to move on when their relationship doesn’t work out. Courtship is like a new season of friendship. It is something that should be entered into when a man or woman is ready for marriage. According to Joshua Harris, courtship is a relationship guided by the principle that â€Å"the joy of intimacy is the reward of commitment.† (Harris, 2005)Before courtship actually commences, a man and woman must have a deeper level of friendship than that of just an acquaintance. Normally, the second phase, or the actual courting stage will be initiated by the man asking permission from the woman’s father to begin courtship with his daughter, and the man’s obvious reason is to know if they both want to get married to each other in the future. The father usually acts as the initial â€Å"protective screening test. † Both the man’s and the woman’s families must be involved.â€Å"They ought to understand, through experience, each pa rt of the other person’s life as much as possible. † Instead of interrupting each one’s daily routines to make way for their alone time, couples in the courtship stage will most likely try to involve each one in their daily routines. It is important for a man and a woman who enter into courtship to have good communication to be able to know where they are in their relationship and how they feel towards each other. If everything is going well, they can spend more time alone together and take on activities like watching movies and concerts, going to the mall or having dinner alone.When men court women, they are usually romantic, and they buy flowers or cards to make the women feel special. When the man gets the blessing of the woman’s father, he then proposes to her. When the woman accepts the proposal, they would get married and live together as husband and wife. (Gianforte, 2008) Back then, it involved the control of women because it’s the men who g o to their homes to get to know them better.But as courtship evolved into a more free and liberated type, it has now been occurring outside the home, which means it’s now more of the man’s control because he is the one paying for the date. Since women started working and had more time to spend with men outside the house, new rules of engagement were formed where the men were able to take women out on dates. â€Å"The entire romantic system moved out from under the parent’s supervision, and like an eloping couple, it never wanted to go back.† (Gianforte, 2008)In Joushua Harris’ book â€Å"I Kisses Dating Goodbye,† he described dating as an act of a man and a woman going out to have a good time, nothing more, nothing less. He even added that people date because they want to be able to enjoy the physical and emotional benefits of being intimate without the need to be In a real commitment. This generation’s pursuit of fulfilment in relati onships, especially in dating, is that they want intimacy without the responsibility, sex with no expectations, and love without hard work and sacrifice.  (Harris, 2004)Today, the intent of dating ranges from getting to know the person to wanting to marry the person. (Gianforte, 2008) But because of the western influence today, courtship has been delivered to be vanishing. Contrary to that, the said study by Fabic, Feliciano, and Nery (2009), also found out that courting is still manifested in the local society. Depending on the respondent’s point of view, the definition of courtship will vary but will still lead to a common idea â€Å"which is the process of a guy expressing how he feels towards a girl by pleasing her, so that in return, the girl will like him back.†Prominent among the results is the idea that courtship is still initiated by the men. What varies now is the way men do their courtship especially because the use of technology is already inevitable toda y. This is what most people refer to now as â€Å"modern courtship† just as revealed in â€Å"an Asia-wide survey that was conducted during 2002, not only that the Filipinos say I love you through text messaging (Ellwood Clayton, 2006 as cited to court a woman through electronic devices. † (pp. 69-70)D. Foreign StudiesEven with the emergence of technology that makes it easier for young people to connect with other people, they still prefer the traditional style of courtship. Even if they use technology in communicating with their loves, they still prefer face to face communication and interaction rather than just texting or meeting online.Internet video started with a little film called â€Å"The Spot† by a filmmaker Scott Zzakarin in 1995 (Letizia, 2011). â€Å"The spot† was a simple film and into a two-inch two-inch screen and attributed to it were lol quality images at the same time were not equipped to handle the flop of Zakarin’s project, it i s considered today one o the first web or â€Å"webisodes† to hit the internet.

Mandatory Two years Training essays

Mandatory Two years Training essays The educational system today lacks the power to keep some kids interests. There exist several contrasts within having at least two years mandatory training yet with still some similarities to todays school systems. Todays educational system overflows with a growing percentage of dropouts. Students dropout for many reasons such as, getting pregnant, drugs, or even because they do not care. For whatever reason they choose, they still have to get a job and support themselves and usually they choose to work at a fast food restaurant. This means a low wage job, with no benefits, that only requires two legs, two arms, and a brain. Kids who go to school longer, will get better educated. Students who drop out of high school early miss the opportunity for a better education. If they have to go to school then they will not miss that education that could some day save their lives. One girl drops out as a sophomore because she finds herself pregnant, she does not have enough money to pay for her electric bill and she has her three kids to take care of. Not knowing the effects of carbon monoxide poisoning, she ends up killing herself and her kids by turning on her gas for heat with the window closed. A man datory two years training would help educate the public. High school heath class usually teaches their students about CPR. CRP helps save lives for many drowning swimmers. Summer time has become one of the best time for little kids to swim in the nearby public pools. Lifeguards watch over them at all times, and they complete CPR training before their fist day on the job. Kids swim in lakes, creeks, and family pools all the time without supervision. Learning CRP in a health class will make kids safer by their selfs; students learn simple procedures for saving lives while in high school and if they drop out they forfeit that learning privilege. Pregnancy has become one of the usual causes of teen dropouts. Keeping th...

The Sopranos

The Sopranos: Peppers Paul McCartney, Wingspan: Hits and History Various artists, Moulin Rouge (Soundtrack) Emmylou Harris, Anthology: The Warner/Reprise Years The late Eva Cassidy's incredibly soulful, powerful voice takes flight on Songbird. From the traditional "Wayfaring Stranger" to Sting's "Fields of Gold" and Curtis Mayfield's "People Get Ready," Cassidy makes each song her own. More Cassidy in Folk: Get Editors' Recommendations by E-mail Sign-up for our Music Delivers, and we'll e-mail you expert recommendations and info on the latest releases by your favorite artists. And if you sign up for our Rock or Alternative Rock Delivers today, you could win a copy of R.E.M.'s brand-new Reveal CD autographed by all three members of the band! Here are our sweepstakes rules. The Sopranos: Peppers Paul McCartney, Wingspan: Hits and History Various artists, Moulin Rouge (Soundtrack) Emmylou Harris, Anthology: The Warner/Reprise Years

A.D. (or AD) - How Christianity Underlies our Calendars

A.D. (or AD) - How Christianity Underlies our Calendars AD (or A.D.) is an abbreviation for the Latin expression Anno Domini, which translates to the Year of Our Lord, and equivalent to C.E. (the Common Era). Anno Domini refers to the years which followed the supposed birth year of the philosopher and founder of Christianity, Jesus Christ. For the purposes of proper grammar, the format is properly with the A.D. before the number of the year, so A.D. 2018 means The Year of Our Lord 2018, although it is sometimes placed  before the year as well, paralleling the use of B.C. The choice of starting a calendar with the birth year of Christ was first suggested by a few Christian bishops including Clemens of Alexandria in C.E. 190 and Bishop Eusebius at Antioch, C.E. 314–325. These men labored to discover what year Christ would have been born by using available chronologies, astronomical calculations, and astrological speculation. Dionysius and Dating Christ In 525 C.E., the Scythian monk Dionysius Exiguus used the earlier computations, plus additional stories from religious elders, to form a timeline for Christs life. Dionysius is the one credited with the selection of the AD 1 birth date that we use today- although it turns out he was off by some four years. That wasnt really his purpose, but Dionysius called the years that occurred after Christs supposed birth The years of our Lord Jesus Christ or Anno Domini. Dionysiuss real purpose was trying to pin down the day of the year on which it would be proper for Christians to celebrate Easter. (see the article by Teres for a detailed description of Dionysius efforts). Nearly a thousand years later, the struggle to figure out when to celebrate Easter led to the reformation of the original Roman calendar called the Julian Calendar into the one most of the west uses todaythe Gregorian calendar. The Gregorian Reform The Gregorian reform was established in October of 1582  when Pope Gregory XIII published his papal bull Inter Gravissimas. That bull noted that the existing Julian calendar in place since 46 B.C.E. had drifted 12 days off-course. The reason the Julian calendar had drifted so far is detailed in the article on B.C.: but briefly, calculating the exact number of days in a solar year was nearly impossible prior to modern technology, and Julius Caesars astrologists got it wrong by about 11 minutes a year. Eleven minutes isnt too bad for 46 B.C.E., but it was a twelve-day lag after 1,600 years. However, in reality, the main reasons for the Gregorian change to the Julian calendar were political and religious ones. Arguably, the highest holy day in the Christian calendar is Easter, the date of the ascension, when the Christ was said to have been  resurrected from the dead.  The Christian church felt that it had to have a separate celebration day for Easter  than the one originally used by the founding church fathers, at the start of the Jewish Passover.   The Political Heart of Reform The founders of the early Christian church were, of course, Jewish, and they celebrated Christs ascension on the 14th day of Nisan, the date of Passover in the Hebrew calendar, albeit adding a special significance to the traditional sacrifice to the Paschal lamb. But as Christianity gained non-Jewish adherents, some of the communities agitated for separating out Easter from Passover. In 325 C.E., the Council of Christian bishops at Nicea set the annual date of Easter to fluctuate, to fall on the first Sunday after the first full moon occurring on or next after the first day of spring (vernal equinox). That was intentionally complex  because to avoid ever falling on the Jewish Sabbath, Easters date had to be based on the human week (Sunday), the lunar cycle (full moon) and the solar cycle (vernal equinox). The lunar cycle used by the Nicean council was the Metonic cycle, established in the 5th century B.C.E., that showed that new moons appear on the same calendar dates every 19 years. By the sixth century, the ecclesiastical calendar of the Roman church followed that Nicean rule, and indeed, it is still the way the church determines Easter each year. But that meant that the Julian calendar, which had no reference to lunar motions, had to be revised. Reform and Resistance To correct the Julian calendars date slippage, Gregorys astronomers said they had to deduct 11 days out of the year. People were told they were to go to sleep on the day they called September 4th and when they woke up the next day, they should call it September 15th. People did object, of course, but this was only one of numerous controversies slowing acceptance of the Gregorian reform. Competing astronomers argued over the details; almanac publishers took years to adapt- the first was in Dublin 1587. In Dublin, people debated what to do about contracts and leases (do I have to pay for the full month of September?). Many people rejected the papal bull out of hand- Henry VIIIs revolutionary  English reformation had taken place only fifty years earlier. See Prescott for an amusing paper on the problems this momentous change caused everyday people. The Gregorian calendar was better at counting time than the Julian, but most of Europe held off accepting the Gregorian reforms until 1752. For better or worse, the Gregorian calendar with its embedded Christian timeline and mythology is (essentially) what is used in the western world today. Other Common Calendar Designations Islamic: A.H. or AH, meaning Anno Hegirae or in the year of the HijraHebrew: AM or A.M., meaning Year After CreationWestern: BCE or B.C.E., meaning Before the Common EraWestern: CE or C.E., meaning the Common EraChristian-Based Western: BC or B.C., meaning Before ChristScientific: AA or A.A., meaning the Atomic AgeScientific: RCYBP, meaning Radiocarbon Years Before the PresentScientific: BP or B.P., meaning Before the PresentScientific: cal BP, meaning Calibrated Years Before the Present or Calendar Years Before the Present Sources Macey SL. 1990. The Concept of Time in Ancient Rome. International Social Science Review 65(2):72-79.Peters JD. 2009. Calendar, clock, tower. MIT6 Stone and Papyrus: Storage and Transmission. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Prescott AL. 2006. Refusing Translation: The Gregorian Calendar and Early Modern English Writers. The Yearbook of English Studies 36(1):1-11.Taylor T. 2008. Prehistory vs. Archaeology: Terms of Engagement. Journal of World Prehistory 21:1–18.Teres G. 1984. Time computations and Dionysius Exiguus. Journal for the History of Astronomy 15(3):177-188.

Ask week 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Ask week 7 - Essay Example In what ways is this assertion true? Explain. It is apparent that according to Kash and Rycroft (2002), application of effective management and policy can break bad habits if the organization is not aligned to support the trajectory change. Do you find this to be true? If yes, explain how your organization can be changed through the use of this concept. It can be argued that your organization learned from tacit knowledge due to the fact that exploration and development departments have adopted transfer of knowledge from employee to the employee and from management to employees and vice versa. In what ways have this transfer of knowledge helped your organization? Explain. It can be argued that the first step towards your organization success through learning is by identifying gaps that exists in the organization and adopting tacit knowledge. However, there is also a need to have extended knowledge in order for your organization effectively to learn. Explain how your organization would utilize tacit knowledge and extended knowledge in order to help it solve the work-based

Determine if students understand behavioral expectations and Essay

Determine if students understand behavioral expectations and consequences for misbehavior - Essay Example In other words, functional behavioral assessment looks beyond the overt topography of the behavior, and focuses, instead, upon identifying biological, social, affective, and environmental factors that initiate, sustain, or end the behavior in question. This approach is important because it leads the observer beyond the "symptom" (the behavior) to the student's underlying motivation to escape, "avoid," or "get" something (which is, to the functional analyst, the root of all behavior). Research and experience has demonstrated that behavior intervention plans stemming from the knowledge of why a student misbehaves (i.e., based on a functional behavioral assessment) are extremely useful in addressing a wide range of problems. Students are frequently reminded of the expectations and the character traits we value as a community through assemblies, classroom lessons, role modeling and daily discussions. Below are some areas to consider in determining classroom expectation and consequences. Being proactive and establish preventative measures, the plan is to start with well thought out lessons that reflect the community and curriculum. Each class has a different feel and its part of my job to determine which angles teachers will use to engage the class into what is to be learned. To help students learn to monitor their own behavior, students will receive verbal recognition from me when behavior models expectations. Students will also be able to earn points for the entire class when they are on task, maintaining appropriate interactions and noise level. Students will earn time towards weekly. To learn problem solving skills, we will have regular class meetings. If students have an issue they need to resolve, teachers will keep a log available where they can enter agenda items to be discussed at the next class meeting. The goal is to have the students learn strategies to help them solve problems with the teacher as facilitator. Teachers will also provide parents with a we ekly note home regarding their child as a means of keeping them in touch with what is going on in the classroom. Student involvement is normally intense with a final eureka experience at the moment of discovery, a natural reinforcer of the learning experience. Students are apprised of school behavior policies through personal visits and advance notification of behavioral expectations and possible consequences by counselors/administrators at the beginning of each semester. Consequences will fall within a range, and will be determined by the appropriate school official. Disciplinary action will depend upon the severity of the misbehavior, previous behavior and interventions, and the circumstances surrounding an incident. In schools today, students are often addressed as passive learners, merely participants in their educations, as opposed to partners. Opportunities for meaningful and significant student involvement in education planning, school leadership and self-governance are primarily offered to gifted and advanced students only and even then with reservation from the teachers and administrators. However, a recent survey1 summarized the following conclusions: - Students need to become directly involved with the decision-making processes in schools; -

Constitutional and Administrative Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Constitutional and Administrative Law - Essay Example A majority of nations have gone through an occurrence which caused them to depart with history affording them the prospect of codifying their constitutional system. However, Britain is unique in this aspect as the British constitution is a consequence of steady progression and transformation rather than a conscious attempt to devise an absolute arrangement of constitution and government (Raphael, 2004). Nonetheless, it is apparent that Britain possesses a constitution which categorizes statutes and systems involving the primary institutions of the state. However, many scholars contend that the absence of a codified constitution results to a power 'vacuum,' a vacuity seized by the legislative supremacy of the Parliament. Although the branches of the British government comprise of the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary, there is an overlap in power and functions between the branches, as a formal division of powers or system of checks and balances, is absent (Burnett, 2002). The Lord Chancellor, for instance, is a constituent of all the three branches concurrently serving as a member of the cabinet, the legislative and the judiciary. The British Parliament, composed of the monarch, the House of Lords, comprised largely of appointed members, and the House of Common whose members are elected, is the most sovereign This sovereignty of the Parliament is evident in its 'legislative enactments', binding on each and every one, although the British citizens could dispute the legality of a particular act under a specific decree in th e courts (Burnett, 2002). A. V. Dicey made this clear when he stated that, 1The principle of Parliamentary sovereignty means neither more nor less than this, namely, that Parliament thus defined has, under the English constitution, the right to make or unmake any law whatever; and, further, that no person or body is recognised by the law of England as having a right to override or set aside the legislation of Parliament. The entire political authority resides on the prime minister and the cabinet, and the monarch must operate on their counsel. The prime minister selects the cabinet from MPs, coming from his political party and a great number of cabinet ministers head the departments of the government. The prime minister's power was augmented in the 20th century as sometimes, acting alone or with another colleague in the parliament, the prime minister has made and created decisions and pronouncements formerly made by the cabinet all together. This does not mean though, that Prime ministers have not been overruled by the cabinet on various instances. In fact, Prime Ministers must generate the support of the cabinet to exercise their authority more effectively (Maitland, 1908). This idea of the parliament was referred to as the 2 "twin pillars" of the constitution by A.V. Dicey, in his treatise An Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (1885). Dicey asserts that the constitution is founded